Adult Attitudes Toward the LGBTIQ Community in Pakistan: A Quantitative Study Based on Sociodemographic Variables

Abstract

This study explores societal attitudes toward the LGBTIQ community in Pakistan, emphasizing the cultural, religious, and demographic factors shaping public opinion. Drawing on a quantitative research design, data were collected from 368 adults in Rawalpindi and Islamabad through a structured attitude scale measuring alienation, excessiveness, and disease-related perceptions of LGBTIQ individuals. The study reveals a predominantly negative societal attitude, influenced by deeply rooted religious beliefs, patriarchal norms, and a lack of education and awareness. While younger, urban, educated participants showed relatively more acceptance, hostility and discrimination remain prevalent, particularly against transgender and intersex individuals. Key findings indicate that having LGBTIQ friends, experiencing same-gender attraction, and not being bothered by media representations correlate with more positive attitudes. Moreover, gender identity, family system, and socio-economic background significantly influence responses, with women and individuals from nuclear families generally exhibiting greater openness. The study also underscores the role of psychological stressors and legal discrimination faced by LGBTIQ individuals, noting the adverse impact on mental health and well-being. Despite constitutional protections and legal frameworks like the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018, systemic barriers and stigmatization persist. The research emphasizes the urgent need for educational interventions, legal reforms, and societal dialogue to combat prejudice and promote inclusion. By analyzing attitudes within a social identity framework, the study contributes to understanding how group affiliations and cultural narratives influence bias and acceptance, aiming to inform policy and advocacy efforts toward a more inclusive society in Pakistan.